Culture Specific Item Analysis in Determining the Translator Ideology in the “ The Necklace ” Short Story 1

Translator has a choice in translating text which contains cultural and social background of source language. It determines the translator’s ideology toward their stance in introducing or maintaining the culture language. The ideology of translator can be seen through one of the ways which is they translating the CSI of source text. The translation techniques is used to examine the CSI could identify the ideology they choose. This research aims to examine the translator ideology through CSI analysis in the translation text from English to Indonesian of short story “The Necklace”. This research used descriptive qualitative method. The result shows that the translator tends to choose domestication ideology since the setting, theme and plot of the story makes the target reader feels ‘relatable experience while reading it. Therefore, translator used translation techniques which contributed to maintenance the readability, equivalency, and acceptability of the


INTRODUCTION
Translation is a science that develops from translating text from the source language to the target language, then becoming a multidisciplinary science that not only translates texts but also translates social and cultural contexts. The language that is translated cannot be separated from the culture of the source language. Translation is no longer seen in terms of linguistically equivalency, but natural and readability in the target language. In translation, there are two sides of importance. The first side is that the translator introduces the context of the language to the target. The second side is the translator is more concerned with acceptance and readability in the target language (Venuti, 1995). This becomes a challenge as well as a choice for translators to determine the choice of the side.
Other language cultures are very easy to learn from the language. The most obvious gate in seeing the cultural context in other languages is through literary works. In addition, the issue of globalization is also a strong driving factor in the translation of literary works. It triggers the demands of the global community for greater knowledge of other cultures. Translated texts of literary works that bring cultural elements of the source language are interesting issues to discuss in translation studies. The interesting issue lies in the cultural gap of the source language and target language. This gap or linguistic distance is narrowed to a cultural categorization concept called culture specific lexicon or culture specific item (CSI). The term refers to cognitive and lexicon differences (O'Donoghue, 2005) Cognitive and lexicon of source language includes different ways of life, traditions, beliefs and historical development. The choice of translators to translate culture specific lexicon is what can be determined as an ideological parameter used by translators to translate a text. This ideology of translator determines the weight of choice whether the translated text is introducing source text cultures or maintaining readability and naturalness for the sake of target text readers.
The CSI analysis in translation has been researched by several approaches. Some of them were done by doing classroom researches and others were done by inviting professional translator and conducting triangulation. This study, however, intend to identify the CSI analysis from empirical approach which is a particular theory that directly examine the CSI analysis. The theory used is Aixela's CSI analysis model that compare method used by translators. In the following explanation are some previous studies that specified in relevant topic and subject.
Previous research that has written about the ideology of translation has been carried out. First, a study entitled Globalization and Its Effect on The Novel Translated into Persian: A Postcolonial Approach by (Fallahshahrak & Salmani, 2013). The research examined the translation of the novel The New York Trilogy which was translated from English into Persian. The purpose of this study is to examine how globalization has an impact on translation and find out what strategies translators use. The results show that translators are more inclined to translate techniques that refer to foreignization, so the effects of globalization contribute to the introduction of English into Persian.
Second, the study was written by (Shokri & Ketabi, 2015) entitled Translating Culture Specific Items in Shazdeh Ehtejab: Examining Foreignization and Domestication. This study examines 34 CSI in translation with translator results tending to use the domestication technique.
Third, a journal written by (Farahani & Mokhtari, 2016) entitled An Analysis of CSI in English translation of Heayat's' Blind Owl 'based on Domestication and Foreignization Dichotomy'. Researchers find that translators attach great importance to the readability of the text so that the techniques that contribute to domestication are more widely used. Furthermore, a study by (Nawangsari, 2019) in "The Use of Newmark's Translation Strategies in Translating Culture Specific Items in Yoon's The Sun Is Also A Star" shows that the translation of the text is readable in target text. Though the research has not stated in what stance was the translator when the study also used foreignizaton and domestication model. The last is a research by (Setyawan, 2019) in "Procedurs in Translating Culture Specific Items in the Book the International Jew the World's Foremost Problem. The study was a CSI analysis by using Davies Model. The result showed that the translator used preservation method more than any method used in the translation.
From those previous research, this article will examine from a new perspective, especially from an empirical point of view. The researcher will use a translation of a literary work from English short story "The Necklace" which is translated into Indonesian. The researcher will analyze the ideology of the translator through a review of the techniques used by the translator to translate CSI from the source language to the target language.

Domestization and Foreignization
The ideology of translation is the basic orientation chosen by the translator who adjusts the translation based on the social and cultural context of the source language (Hatim & Mason, 1990). What is meant by basic orientation is when the translator addresses the distance to the cultural and social elements of the source language when it will be translated in the target language. In addressing this distance, researchers have the right to have two choices, namely the tendency for foreignization or communication.
Foreignization is when the translator prioritizes or maintains the social and cultural elements of the source language. This happens when the translator maintains the original form of the culture of the source language with the aim of sending the target language reader into the culture of the source language. The techniques used by translators to support this path are word-for-word translation, literal, faithful, semantic translation (Newmark, 1981). Foreignization can also occur if elements of the suber language are familiar in the target language, so CSI does not need to be translated.
Domestization is the opposition of foreignisation because translators are more concerned with acceptability and legibility in the target language (Nida & Taber, 1969). Readability of the translated text is intended when the reader feels like he is not reading reading the translated text. Techniques that contribute to domestication are adaptation, free idiomatic, and communicative translation (Newmark, 1981).

CSI (Culture Specific Items)
In every culture there must be a Culture specific item. This term means a concept and object related to the ecology, material, social, religion, and politics of a culture (O'Donoghue, 2005). There is a difference in the lexical and cognitive meaning between CSI and its translation triggering constraints on the interpretation process. (Newmark, 1981) categorizes CSI into 5 types; Ecology, Material Culture (Food, Clothes, House, Transport), Social Culture (Work, Leisure), Social Organizations (Political and Administrative, Religious, Artistic) and Gestures and Habits. In addition, researchers can also further test CSI by using the following analysis model to classify the strategies used to analyze CSI (Aixela, 1996).

Foreignization:
Repetition: The translators keep as much as they can of the original reference Orthographic adaptation: Same as transcription Linguistic (non-cultural) translation: when the translator chooses a denotatively very close reference to the original Extra-textual gloss: When translators use footnote, endnote, glossary, and alike to add information Intra-textual gloss: When translators include their gloss as an indistinct part of the text 672 BRILIANT: Jurnal Riset dan Konseptual Volume 5 Number 3, November 2020 Domestication Synonymy: The translator resorts to some kind of synonym of parallel reference to avoid repeating the culture-specific item Limited universalization: Translator uses another, but closer SL reference in TT Absolute universalization: Translator chooses a neutral reference Naturalization: Translator brings the culture-specific item into the TL culture Deletion Autonomous creation: Translators put in some nonexistent cultural referent in the ST This study aims to uncover the ideology of translators using the CSI analysis method in literary works. CSI was tested through Newmark's categorization. Then the CSI was tested more deeply by using (Aixela, 1996) CSI analysis.
This research found CSI which was translated from The Necklace's literary works. This study used descriptive qualitative method. Data collected by the documentation method to get the original text and translated text. The results of data analysis are presented by grouping CSI into Newmark categorization. Then CSI was analyzed using Aixela's CSI analysis model. Then the researcher gives a review of how the translator views when translating the literary work.

METHOD
This study aims to uncover the ideology of translators using the CSI analysis method in literary works. CSI was tested through Newmark's categorization. Then the CSI was tested more deeply by using Aixela's CSI analysis. This research found CSI which was translated from The Necklace's literary works. This study used descriptive qualitative method. Data collected by the documentation method to get the original text and translated text. The results of data analysis are presented by grouping CSI into Newmark categorization. Then CSI was analyzed using Aixela's CSI analysis model. Then the researcher gives a review of how the translator views when translating the literary work.

RESULT
The table below shows the CSI in the short story and the strategies used to translate it in full. There are 5 strategies used by translator to translate the CSI. They are limited universalization, autonomous creation, absolute universalization, synonym, and repetition. Synonym is mostly used in the translation process while repetition is the least used. The as stated in the theory, each strategy represent a view whether the translator chose to deliver it in more domestic way in the favor of target text reader or to deliver it in the foreign way to introduce target text reader the source text culture.
Synonym is used a lot since the translator was able to find a similar and equal translation in target text. Meanwhile, the highlight of foreignization method which is repetition strategy, is shown to be least used in translation process. Looking at the following table, repetition was only used twice. The CSI of the two data are quite close to cultural and economic part of source text, therefore the translator chose the repetition that keep the closest original text to target text.

DISCUSSION
This results above show that translator majorly use strategies that prefer to domestization which is shown in the using of synonym strategy. Looking at the previous researches, there are choices and tendencies which ranslator can decide where to stand in term of delivering the best translation of CSI. Many of those researches show that translators prefer to maintain the readibility in target text, thus they use domestization approach. In other cases, translators also prefer to introduce the culture of source text through using foreignization to convey that globalization has iven its influences through translation of cultural items. These preferences are ideology of choices that translator can choose to expose the better result of translation.
The Necklace is a short story written by Guy de Maupassant. This short story was translated by Hasani into Indonesian under the title 'Price of a Necklace.' Long story short from The Neklace tells about a poor husband and wife. One day her husband was invited to a party by the Ministry. He asked his wife to participate, but his wife was sad because he did not have jewelry or a nice dress. Then her husband told his wife to borrow jewelry from Madame Forestier. He borrowed a diamond necklace. That night Madam Louisel lost the necklace. They bought a new diamond necklace to replace it by way of debt, and gave a new necklace without the owner realizing that it was a new necklace.
A poor married couple works hard for ten years to pay off debts and make a wife look older because she works hard. One day the wife met the owner of the necklace and the owner of the necklace was very surprised at the drastic change. The wife explained that she was active and had not stopped working for 10 years to replace the necklace because the necklace she had previously wanted was lost. Then the necklace owner with an unfortunate look said that the necklace he had borrowed was a cheap imitation necklace, and the couple had replaced it with expensive genuine diamonds.
In the translation of this short story, researchers found 34 CSI that were analyzed through categories created by Newmark. This story has settings at home, at parties and on the road. The plot of this story is also a simple story about the life of a husband and wife and an incident that befell them. Therefore, CSI is found in many categories of material culture, social organizations and gesture & habits. Material culture is found in food, furniture and clothes. Then many social organizations are found in government organizations because they are related to her husband's work as a subordinate of government employees. Gestures and habits are found in many lexicons that describe the atmosphere, feelings and expressions. The following is a detailed description of CSI's findings in the following table. To find out the translation techniques used in CSI can be seen using the analysis model of Aixela (1996).

Synonym
Look for synonym syndromes including techniques that contribute to the choice of domestication. Synonym in translation technique is to find an equivalent and equivalent reference to avoid repetition of CSI source language. Researchers consider the context of understanding when applying synonym techniques to avoid translation loss or gain. So, when applying this technique, translators at least have the understanding that CSI to be translated is familiar to the target language. Familiar is meant by the context in which the source language is familiar in the target language.
In addition, translators must consider CSI to be translated as 'relatable context' CSI so that when readers read the text the translation will not refer to unrelated contexts. Although translators use parallel references, translators must be able to choose a synonym lexicon that can be 'read'. Readability in translating CSI is not just a translation text that is fluent in language, but also fluent in terms of context. Examples of CSI that use synonymy techniques drawn from data are as follows; • Minister is an item that is related to government organizations. In the source language, this term is used to refer to a position in government that regulates a subject matter of state. In the target language, the translator uses the term minister as a synonym for the CSI. Ministers are chosen by translators because there are similarities in positions that describe the Minister's context. • Ball-dresses are items that deal with material, especially clothes. In the culture of the source language, when going to a party invitation, they use balldresses for women. This concept is translated by translators into the target language into a party dress. Party dresses have become natural and familiar to the culture of the target language, so translators can change ball-dresses to party dresses.
• Summer is an item that describes the state of the season, ecology. In source language ecology, summer is one of the seasons that occur after spring. Whereas in the ecology of the target language, the season that can replace summer is the dry season. However, for the aesthetics of literary works, translators use the summer lexicon rather than the dry season.

Limited universalization
This technique takes different references, but those references are chosen from those closest to the source language's purpose. The absence of the same context causes the distance between TL and SL. Therefore, the translator took this strategy to overcome the lack of 100% equivalence of CSI. • Garret is a term that relates to the material part of the house. In the context of the source language house, the garage is an unfinished house section that is located just under the roof. In the target language, translators choose the word attic. Attics in the target language are storage rooms located at the top or under the roof. By linking these two concepts, the translator chooses the word loft as a lexic with references that approach the concept of the source language.
• Artisans are work-related items. In source language, artisans are jobs that require hands-on expertise, such as stone carvers, carvers, and so on. The work requires a lot of craftsmanship, but the translator chose 'scribe' instead of artist. Clerks are jobs that also require hand skills. The reason a translator might use to choose a clerk is that the story explained that her husband's work was subordinate to the ministry. So the translator chooses the scribe as the closest concept to the job that requires hands-on expertise, with context adjusted. • Scotch broth is related to food material. Food is the easiest thing to dissect CSI culture from one culture to another. Scotch broth is a type of food soup made from meat, vegetables and reinforced with wheat germ. In the target language, this food translates into delicious meat soup. Meat soup is the closest reference to describe the content description of Scotch broth. Besides meat soup does not have the meaning to deviate from Scotch broth.

Absolute universalization
This technique has a way of choosing a neutral concept to transfer the text of the target language and source language. A neutral translation condition can occur if the text used to replace is not available in the source language. That is why this technique is called absolute universalization, because the concept of translation is not available in the source language. • Antechambers is a term that relates to material parts of a house. In the source language, antechambers are small spaces connected to a wider space. This space is usually used to wait before entering a wider space. In the context of the target language home, there is no functioning space as in the context of the source language. However, the translator uses the vestibule to adjust to the conditions of parts of the house in the target language so that the reader is more familiar and able to accept what is conveyed. • Tapestries are items related to the material culture of a part of the house. This item is included in furniture made of 'heavy cloth' which has a pattern. In the source language, tapestries are used for curtains and wall hanging. In the target language, translators replace them with carpets or carpets. The context used is similar, namely furniture material for home interior aesthetics, but the translator made it more specific, namely rug carpet.

Linguistic translation
This technique is included in the techniques that contribute to the choice of translators to refer to foreignization. This technique translates meaning denotatively which has the closest reference from the source language to the target language. In The Necklace's short story, there is one linguistic translation technique.
• Lark-shooting This phrase relates to ecology and work. Lark-shooting is the job of hunting Lark birds. Lark bird is a type of bird that can sing. This bird is hunted because it has economic value. In the target language, translators do not translate it into other contexts, translators continue to use 'lark birds'.

Repetition
This technique purely contributes to the translation of foreignization. This technique is used by translators when they want to keep the original text of the source language as much as possible. This can be done if the source language text is really not available in the target language.
In the short story of The Neckalce, two repetitions are found relating to the State currency and types of fauna found in the source language area. The currency in question is the franc. Translators use repetition techniques because foreign currency cannot be familiar to all target language readers. The translator also does not replace it with the currency of the target language country because mistranslation will occur. So the translator tilts the franc lexicon to indicate that it's a foreign lexicon and not from the target language. The italics lexicon is understood by the target language reader as a foreign language lexicon, Furthermore, the translator also performed repetition techniques on the types of fauna that exist in the source language ecology, namely trout. Trout is a type of freshwater fish. In the target language, as many references as possible referring to freshwater fish species such as catfish, tilapia, gurami, and so on. However, the translator chose the repetition technique by mentioning 'trout'.

CONCLUSION
This research concludes that in literary works, elements such as settings, themes and story lines can influence the emerging of CSI. In The Necklace story, it has a simple setting, plot and theme, and it makes the readers of the target language feel 'relatable experience' despite the cultural distance. CSI that appears on The Necklace cannot be separated from the influence of settings, themes and story lines, because CSI that appears a lot of material culture and gestures and habits. Because the setting, theme and storyline in this short story give the impression of a relatable experience, this triggers the translator to use translation techniques that contribute to domestication. Domestization was chosen by the translator as a form of translator's ideology to preserve the elements of readability, acceptance and agreement of the story.

SUGGESTION
The researcher fully acknowledge that this research still lack to its full potential best results. The study of CSI analysis in translation is one of significant ways to know the stance of the ideology of the translated text. This research has not provided the detail elaboration in the form of frequency, therefore the 678 BRILIANT: Jurnal Riset dan Konseptual Volume 5 Number 3, November 2020 researcher hope for future studies to identify thoroughly in showing the ideology of translator. Moreover, there are several models to analyze the CSI in the translation. Each model represents different strategies of translation used by translator, so it is required to do comparison of several models in one research for the future studies.