Dialectical Linguistics of Public Signs in Sidoarjo Regency: An Approach in Ecolinguistics Study

Abstrak: This study aims to reveal the ideological, sociological and biological background of the public signs. This study is focused on public sign in Sidoarjo Regency. In this case, I collected data in several public areas namely International airport, bus station, train station, housing, school, park, and cemetery on 18 subdistricts in Sidoarjo regency in 2019. In total, there are 65 data, which are taken purposively to show ideological, sociological, and biological dimension. There are three conclusions in this study. First, in Biological background, several morphemes that reflected biological condition in either biotic or abiotic components are found in aquaculture area, park, cemetery and housing. Second, the ideological background, the public sign that contained belief, myth, and paradigm in a society are found in housing, train station, park, river, gas station, cemetery, mosque and factory. Third, in sociological dimension, the morphemes and phrases contain various job, political system, status and economy in a society in Sidoarjo Regency.

Based on the data from Government of Sidoarjo Regency in 2019, hydrologically, Sidoarjo Regency is located between two rivers, namely Brantas river and Porong river which are branch of Brantas river from its upstream in Malang regency. Topographically, The eastern region is an aquaculture area which is a Delta plain with an altitude between 0 to 25 meters, height 0 to 3 meters, with an area of 19.000 Ha, covering 29.99%. The center region is a residential area, trade, and government which cover 40.81% of freshwater region with an altitude of 3 to 10 meters above sea level. The 29.20% in the western region is an agricultural area with a height of 10 to 25 meters above sea level.
As cited from the website of the Government of Sidoarjo Regency, fisheries, Industries, and services are the main economic sectors of Sidoarjo. The Madura strait in the East is a fishery producing area including Fish, Shrimp, and 541 Crab. The Industrial sector is growing rapidly because there are 978 factories in Sidoarjo. In the services sector, especially transportation, there are International airport, 10 train stations, and bus station.
Refer to the data of the Government of Sidoarjo Regency, the highest to the lowest resident population are Waru, Taman, Sidoarjo, Candi, Krian, Gedangan, Sukodono, Sedati, Tanggulangin, Buduran, Tulangan, Porong, Wonoayu, Prambon, Balongbendo, Krembung, and Tarik. Each sub district is divided into several public places namely school, housing, cemetery, and market. The difference of economy, hydrology, and topography make people have different habit and characteristic in each place. One of the differences on each place is the language used, especially in the public sign.
A public sign is a kind of imperative clause because it states commands, warning, and request. Imperative clauses are command that tell the reader to take action, and their tone can vary from demanding and strict to polite and inviting. Most imperative clauses have the base form of the verb, and lack of subject, modal, and markers for tense and aspect (Myers, 1994: 46-52). However, other imperative clauses are in the form of statement and question.
In Sidoarjo Regency, public signs are found in some public areas namely parks, schools, bus stations, train stations, International airport, cemeteries, and housing. These public signs can vary in the form of clause and opt of word depend on where the public signs are exist. For example, Jabon Sub district is the eastern region which is an aquaculture area, so the words in the public signs are about fisheries.
According to Kurniawati (2018: 3), the public signs are divided into conventional and unconventional sign. Conventional sign is in the form of imperative which has base verb and lack of subject. In conventional sign, there is official rule arranged by government reflected in regional regulation. The chosen words in conventional signs are in formal form. The unconventional sign is in the form of statement and question. The rule and punishment in the unconventional signs are arranged by society where the public signs are exist. The rule and punishment can be varied based on the society. The chosen words in the unconventional signs are in informal form.
The chosen of informal words in unconventional signs are assumed as rude and impolite because the signs are inappropriate with the norm and value in a society. In this condition, there must be a reason behind producing such word. There is a relation found in this chaos. This relation is a contribution of language, ecology and society. As cited from Steffensen (2007: 3), this relation called as Dialectical Linguistics. An approach of Dialectical Linguistics is expected to reveal the background behind producing a text. Because, social praxis may be relate to a language or vice versa.
In Dialectical linguistic, an unconventional sign can be reviewed in three perspectives. Those are biological, ideological and sociological background. In biological, human are oriented to be a part of living system in ecosystem. So, a language is influenced by an interrelationship between human and environment. This environment refers to topographic and geographical condition, biotic and abiotic components, or even climate system. Ideological background refers to belief, dogma, value, and norm within a society. So, we have to realize that an ideological background in one society may be inappropriate on the other society. The last background is sociological background. It indicates a relationship between human as social beings. A social being denotes to what social status of human based on their distinction in education, economy, job, position, and culture.
According to phenomena mentioned above, public signs in Sidoarjo regency would be analyzed in Ecolinguistics study. This analysis may reveal biological, ideological, and sociological backgrounds reflected in public signs. In biological background, there are several words that show the characteristic of topographic and geographical condition, biotic and abiotic components on each sub district in Sidoarjo. In ideological background, there are various value and norm within a society on each sub district in Sidoarjo. In sociological background, there are various education level, job and economy in Sidoarjo.
There are six studies in ecolinguistics from 2015 until 2018. These five studies are concern in discovering some lexicon in conservation news text, Dawan community, eco agriculture lexicon in Angkola/Mandailing Language, lexicon of folklore in Toba Lake, lexicon of fauna in Sundanese community and lexicon Tukad Badung in Bali. There are four studies concern in sign and text in 2017 and 2018. In these four studies, the objects of analysis are no littering signs in Yogyakarta and google, texts on Papuan online mass media, green discourses in Mass Media, and environmental slogans from www.pribahasaindonesia.com. From ten studies mentioned before, a study of public signs in Sidoarjo Regency with Ecolinguistics study is the novelty.
The results of this study will contribute to enrich analysis in Ecolinguistics study. Although, unconventional sign can be analyzed with other theory, but unconventional sign will be revealed in depth with Ecolinguistics study. This study of Ecolinguistics became popular due to discourse in concerning environment arose. The characteristic of society in culture, place, and norm would be reflected in the public signs.
This study is focused on public sign in Sidoarjo regency. Those are conventional and unconventional sign in public area namely International airport, bus station, train station, housing, school, park, and cemetery. The data are clauses in the public sign. They are taken from 18 sub district in Sidoarjo regency. Then, I analyzed the data using dialectical Ecolinguistic theory by Bundsgaard and Sune Steffensen. This analysis may reveal biological, ideological, and sociological backgrounds reflected in public signs.
Ecolinguistics or language ecology is a new paradigm in linguistics research that study a language related to ecological and environment problems pioneered by Einar Haugen. This theory is a new trend in linguistic research to facilitate not only social factor but also ecological context in a society. Because, we live in the world and we have a role in shaping the world through the language we used (Fill: 2017).
In the late 1960s, Bang and Door contributed in developing a new theory that is Dialectical Linguistics. In this theory, we examine some factors that influence our language and our interaction. We investigate the relation of ecology, society, and language. A language in a community can be seen from three interrelations of ideological, biological and sociological (Steffensen, 2007: 1). Then, these three interrelations are applied in four models of analysis. Those are 543 dialogue model, semantic matrix model, triple model of reference, and core contradiction of the social praxes.
The dialogue model can be seen from the figure 1.1 as proposed by Bang and Door.
In figure 1.1, S1 and S2 represent the position of speaker and addressee. The symbol O refers to an object that being discussed in a dialogue. The S3 is the component of sociocultural constituent. The affairs of four components are happen in TOPOS reflected in biological, sociological, and ideological dimension. The situation of these four components are represented in the ' ' arrow as dialectical arrows. In this figure, it is simply conclude that a situation of dialogical background in an utterance or a sentence is related to interpretation or meaning in dialogue model.
In figure 1.2 shown that in analyzing the relation of text and context, we can see from this triple model of reference.  between text production in the dialogue or written text. The relation of extra textual indicates a language to a reality condition because a language is tied to a kind situation in time and place. In figure 1.3, in dialectical point of view, the analysis of actual dialogue concern in four components namely, social sense, individual meaning, personal significance, and social import. Social sense is a shared knowledge between speaker and addressee in a community. Individual meaning refers to personal interpretation that indicates personality and social identity. Social import is a specific context, such as an office, a hospital, a congress, or a mall. Personal significance represents a unique representation from person in a dialogue. Figure 1.4 is the core contradiction of the social praxis. In analyzing a text or language product, the relation of situation reveals the understanding of social praxis. In this condition, a language would be seen in three dimensional backgrounds. Those are ideological background, sociological background, and biological background. A language can be developed and extinct in human's life. A language is not only influence but also influenced by the society.

METHOD
This study is descriptive qualitative. Descriptive study means to describe a situation or area of interest factually and accurately (Isaac & Michael, 1995: 43). The method of collecting data was observation with non-545 participant observation continued with documentation technique by taking a photo.
According to Sudaryanto (1993: 123), in the non participant technique, there is no involvement of the researcher in the dialogue. In this case, I collected data in several public area namely International airport, bus station, train station, housing, school, park, and cemetery on 18 subdistrict in Sidoarjo regency in 2019. In total, there are 65 data are taken purposively to show ideological, sociological, and biological dimension.
The data are analyzed with Identity method because there are relation between language and biological, sociological and ideological backgrounds reflected in the data. This identity method is kind of referential identity method because the references are biological, sociological and ideological background.

FINDING
Sidoarjo Regency is bordered by Surabaya City and Gresik Regency in the north, Pasuruan Regency in the south, Madura Strait in the east, and Mojokerto Regency in the west. Hydrologically, Sidoarjo Regency is located between two rivers, namely Brantas River and Porong River which are branch of Brantas river from its upstream in Malang regency. Topographically, the eastern region is an aquaculture area, the center region is a residential area, trade, government, and in the western region is an agricultural area. The difference in hydrology and topography becomes a characteristic on each place at public sign.